先进制造：技术与国际竞争力（英文版）

报告简介

这项工作研究了先进技术在制造业竞争力中的作用。因为德国、日本和美国的制造商在生产、技术开发和贸易方面持续领先世界，所以在本文中会将这些国家进行比较。随着全球基础设施，信息交流和市场的发展，这三个国家制造业的性质正在迅速变化。有竞争力的制造商正在对技术和经济压力做出响应。他们的成功是基于他们如何有效地适应这些压力。通过比较，所有三个国家的人力资本问题（第一部分）、研究计划战略（第二部分）和制造技术研发目标（第三部分）显示出较高的相似性。也就是说，制造商有效实施和利用技术创新的能力将会影响一个国家的制造竞争力。

报告内容

Contents

1.1 Key Judgments 1

1.2 Introduction 2

1.3 Comparison of Human Capital for German, Japanese,

and U.S. Manufacturing 3

1.3.1 What is a working metric of economic manufacturing

competitiveness? 3

1.3.2 How do the manufacturing productivities of Germany,

Japan, and the United States compare? 6

1.3.3 What are the trends in manufacturing employment? 9

1.3.4 Why is the difference between wages for unskilled

workers in the U.S. larger than in Germany and Japan? 12

1.3.5 Is the negative growth in U.S. manufacturing

due to competition from Germany and Japan? 14

1.3.6 Does advanced technology destroy jobs? 16

1.3.7 Does application of advanced technologies generate

job opportunities? 18

1.3.8 Is the disparity in productivity between small and

large manufacturers due to advanced manufacturing

technologies 19

1.3.9 How well do companies adjust to technological changes

in manufacturing 20

1.3.10 How is the requirement for flexibility in advanced

manufacturing changing employment? 23

1.3.11 How does the general education level of the workforces

in Germany, Japan, and the United States compare? 24

1.3.12 Are there well-defined differences in engineering education

between German, Japanese, and U.S. universities which are

significant to manufacturing competitiveness? 25

1.3.13 How do manufacturing companies keep up with rapidly

advancing technology? 27

1.4 References 31